| Key Data Set Information | |
| Reference year | 2021 |
| Name |
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| Use advice for data set | The life cycle analysis of the declared product covers “Product Stage” A1-A4 modules, “End of Life stage” C1, C2, C3, C4 modules and gains and loads beyond system in D module (Cradle to Gate with options) in accordance with EN 15804+A2 and ITB PCR A (2023). |
| Technical purpose of product or process | Bekaert (www.bekaert.com) is a global technological and market leader in advanced solutions based on metal transformation and coatings, and the world’s largest independent manufacturer of drawn steel wire products. Dramix® fibers for concrete reinforcement (3D, 4D and 5D) covered by this EPD are manufactured in the manufacturing plant, located at Petrovice u Karviné, Czech Republic. Dramix® is the company brand name of steel fibers for concrete reinforcement. Bekaert produces fibers in different variants according to the intended application. There are different product variants like glued or loose fibers. Gluing is applied for some of the variants to avoid fiber balling during mixing & to ensure homogeneous distribution of the fibers throughout the concrete mix. Figure 1 shows a basic fiber type 3D. A specific product technical data is available at Dramix® steel fiber concrete reinforcement solutions - Bekaert.com Bekaert Petrovice produce fibers from nominal diameter 0,380 mm up to 1,050 mm & indicative length from 30 mm up to 60 mm with nominal tensile strength as mentioned in Table 1, 2 & 3. Mainly according to the hooks, steel fibres are grouped into 3D, 4D and 5D types. As per the surface coating, steel fibers are grouped into Bright (uncoated or brass/bronze coated) and Galvanized (zinc coated) types. There are also steel fibers made from stainless steel. Bekaert offers different types of packaging; two main types are paper bags on pallets or big bags on pallets. Dramix® steel fibers are used for concrete reinforcement and are an alternative to steel mesh and bars. They are discontinuous, three-dimensional and isotropic reinforcement. The steel fibers bridge cracks at their small widths, distribute stresses and increase the strength of the concrete in the cracked state. Adding the adequate number of fibers to the concrete plasticizes the concrete, increasing its tensile and shear strength, impact strength and fatigue resistance. Steel fibers for structural use are used for concrete & mortar reinforcement for below applications: over ground applications (flooring, building & civil engineering work, etc.), underground applications (segmental linings for tunneling, etc.) & precast. The hooked ends of Dramix® 3D ensure the desired fiber pullout. This is the mechanism, which actually generates the renowned concrete ductility and post-crack strength. The improved anchorage of Dramix® 4D utilizes the same principle but translates it into greater steel strengths (Figure 2). Dramix® 5D, in contrast, is shaped to form the perfect anchor; the pullout mechanism is replaced by fibre elongation. The tensile strength of a steel fiber has to increase in parallel with the strength of its anchorage. Dramix® 3D, 4D, and 5D are each designed to capitalize on the wire strength to the maximum degree. Dramix® 3D and 4D create concrete ductility by the slow deformation of the hook during the pullout process, and not by the ductility of the wire itself. This is different for the Dramix® 5D. Due to the anchor design, the fiber cannot be pulled out and does not move in the concrete. Instead, the wire is elongated, providing the ductility on the same principle as classic reinforcement steel. The tensile strength level of Dramix® product series is shown in Figure 2. |
| General comment on data set | The data selected for LCA originate from ITB-LCI questionnaires completed by producers using the inventoried data and Ecoinvent v.3.10. No data collected is older than five years and no generic datasets used are older than ten years. The criteria of representativeness, completeness, reliability, and consistency met the required standards. Allocation for steel production impacts is done in accordance with LCI data for Steel products Report compiled by Brayan Hughes and William Hare (2012 for World Steel Association). The allocation rules used for this EPD are based on general ITB PCR A. Production of steel fibers is a line process in a manufacturing plant located at Petrovice, Czech Republic (see Figure 3). Allocation of impacts is done on a product mass basis. All impacts from raw materials production (wire rod, galvanized half product, bead wires, hose wires, stainless steel, widia dies, PCD dies, soaps, emulsion, inhibitors, glue, bags, paper and pallets) are allocated in the A1 module of the LCA. 99% of the impacts from a line production were allocated to product covered by this declaration. Module A2 includes transport of raw materials such as steel from supplier to manufacturing plant (Petrovice). Municipal wastes of the factory were allocated to module A3. Energy supply (gas Lama Energy) and electricity (Veolia) were inventoried and 100% was allocated to the product assessed. 99% materials and 100% energy consumption (electricity, gas) were inventoried in the factory and were included in the calculation. In the assessment, all significant parameters from gathered production data are considered, i.e., all material used per formulation (main input is steel Wire Rod), utilized thermal energy, and electric power consumption, direct production waste, and available emission measurements. Tires consumption for transport was not taken into account. Precomponents like labels, tapes with a percentage share of less than 0.2% were not included in the calculations. It is assumed that the total sum of omitted processes does not exceed 1% of all impact categories. In accordance with EN 15804 machines and facilities (capital goods) required for and during production are excluded, as is transportation of employees. |
| Copyright | Yes |
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| Quantitative reference | |
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| Biogenic carbon content |
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| Time representativeness | |
| Data set valid until | 2026 |
| Technological representativeness | |
| Type of data set | EPD | ||||
| Subtype | average dataset | ||||
| LCA methodology report | |||||
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| Compliance Declarations | |||||
| Compliance |
Compliance system name
EN 15804+A2
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Approval of overall compliance
Fully compliant |
Nomenclature compliance
Fully compliant |
Methodological compliance
Fully compliant |
Review compliance
Fully compliant |
Documentation compliance
Fully compliant |
Quality compliance
Fully compliant |
| Compliance |
Compliance system name
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Approval of overall compliance
Fully compliant |
Nomenclature compliance
Fully compliant |
Methodological compliance
Fully compliant |
Review compliance
Fully compliant |
Documentation compliance
Fully compliant |
Quality compliance
Fully compliant |
| Compliance |
Compliance system name
|
Approval of overall compliance
Fully compliant |
Nomenclature compliance
Fully compliant |
Methodological compliance
Fully compliant |
Review compliance
Fully compliant |
Documentation compliance
Fully compliant |
Quality compliance
Fully compliant |
| Data generator | |
| Data set generator / modeller |
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| Data entry by | |
| Time stamp (last saved) | 2024-07-04T15:23:17 |
| Data set format(s) | |
| Publication and ownership | |
| UUID | 7659d3b2-43d7-4b02-a8cd-2b1539a771e0 |
| Date of last revision | 2024-07-04T13:23:01.0616773Z |
| Data set version | 00.03.000 |
| Registration authority |
ITB-EPD Poland
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| Registration number | 215/2021 |
| Owner of data set | |
| Copyright | Yes |
| License type | Free of charge for all users and uses |
| Access and use restrictions | None |
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Indicators of life cycle