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Owner of data set N.V. Bekaert S.A. |
Technical purpose Bekaert (www.bekaert.com) is a global technological and market leader in advanced solutions based on metal transformation and coatings, and the world’s largest independent manufacturer of drawn steel wire products.
Dramix® fibers for concrete reinforcement (3D, 4D and 5D) covered by this EPD are manufactured in the manufacturing plant, located at Petrovice u Karviné, Czech Republic. Dramix® is the company brand name of steel fibers for concrete reinforcement. Bekaert produces fibers in different variants according to the intended application. There are different product variants like glued or loose fibers. Gluing is applied for some of the variants to avoid fiber balling during mixing & to ensure homogeneous distribution of the fibers throughout the concrete mix. Figure 1 shows a basic fiber type 3D.
A specific product technical data is available at Dramix® steel fiber concrete reinforcement solutions - Bekaert.com
Bekaert Petrovice produce fibers from nominal diameter 0,380 mm up to 1,050 mm & indicative length from 30 mm up to 60 mm with nominal tensile strength as mentioned in Table 1, 2 & 3. Mainly according to the hooks, steel fibres are grouped into 3D, 4D and 5D types. As per the surface coating, steel fibers are grouped into Bright (uncoated or brass/bronze coated) and Galvanized (zinc coated) types. There are also steel fibers made from stainless steel. Bekaert offers different types of packaging; two main types are paper bags on pallets or big bags on pallets.
Dramix® steel fibers are used for concrete reinforcement and are an alternative to steel mesh and bars. They are discontinuous, three-dimensional and isotropic reinforcement. The steel fibers bridge cracks at their small widths, distribute stresses and increase the strength of the concrete in the cracked state. Adding the adequate number of fibers to the concrete plasticizes the concrete, increasing its tensile and shear strength, impact strength and fatigue resistance. Steel fibers for structural use are used for concrete & mortar reinforcement for below applications: over ground applications (flooring, building & civil engineering work, etc.), underground applications (segmental linings for tunneling, etc.) & precast.
The hooked ends of Dramix® 3D ensure the desired fiber pullout. This is the mechanism, which actually generates the renowned concrete ductility and post-crack strength. The improved anchorage of Dramix® 4D utilizes the same principle but translates it into greater steel strengths (Figure 2). Dramix® 5D, in contrast, is shaped to form the perfect anchor; the pullout mechanism is replaced by fibre elongation. The tensile strength of a steel fiber has to increase in parallel with the strength of its anchorage. Dramix® 3D, 4D, and 5D are each designed to capitalize on the wire strength to the maximum degree. Dramix® 3D and 4D create concrete ductility by the slow deformation of the hook during the pullout process, and not by the ductility of the wire itself. This is different for the Dramix® 5D. Due to the anchor design, the fiber cannot be pulled out and does not move in the concrete. Instead, the wire is elongated, providing the ductility on the same principle as classic reinforcement steel. The tensile strength level of Dramix® product series is shown in Figure 2. |
