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General comment The data selected for LCA originate from ITB LCI questionnaires ( 1 manufacturing plant) completed by producer and verified via data audit. No data collected is older than five years and no generic datasets used are older than ten years. The representativeness, completeness, rel iability, and consistency are judged as good. The background data for the processes come from the following resources database Ecoinvent v.3.9 ( minerals, additives, energy carriers, waste treatment, and packaging). The background data for energy is nationa l based on KOBiZE/GUS reports (Polish electricity mix and combustion factors for fuels). Specific (LCI) data quality analysis was a part of the input data verification. Where no background data was available, data gaps were complemented by literature resea rch.
The allocation rules used for this EPD are based on general ITB PCR A v 1.6 . Production of the clinker bricks with complementary ceramic elements is a line process conducted in Patoka brickyard ( Allocation was done on product mass basis 32 %)%). All impacts associated with the extraction and processing of raw materials used for the production of ceramic products are allocated in module A1 of the LCA . I mpacts from the global line production were inventoried and 100% were allocated to the clay bricks and elements production Water and energy consumption, associated emissions and generated wastes are allocated to module A3 Packaging materials were takien into consideration.
Type of the EPD is: cradle to gate with options. The following life cycle stages were considered. Production stage including: A1 Raw material extraction and processing, A2 Transport to the manufacturer and A3 Manufacturing, A4 Transport to Site, A5 Installation, End of life stage: C1 Deconstruction, C2 Transport to waste processing, C3 Waste processing, C4 Disposal (landfill). This includes provision of all materials, products and energy, packaging processing and its t ransport, as well as waste processing up to the end of waste state or disposal of final residues. EPD includes D module declaration of all benefits and loads beyond product system. Energy and water consumption, emissions as well as information on generat ed wastes were inventoried and were included. It can be assumed that the total sum of omitted processes does not exceed 5% of all impact categories. In accordance with EN 15804+A2, machines and facilities (capital goods) required for the production as well as transportation of employees were not included in LCA. 99.8% materials submitted for the formulations and production data were taken into consideration. In the assessment, all available data from production have been considered, i.e. all raw materials/e lements used as per formulation process, utilized thermal energy for heating, and electric power consumption. Thus, material and energy flows contributing less than 1 % of mass or energy have been considered. It can be assumed that the total sum of neglect ed processes does not exceed 0.5 % of energy use and mass per modules.
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